A group of individuals or firms who have separate objectives but unite to adopt strategies or advocate policies. Often seen in government entities requiring support from multiple political parties.
A form of longitudinal study that follows a group of individuals sharing a common characteristic or experience within a defined period, aiming to determine the effect on the group of an experience or treatment.
The tariff charged on trade with non-members by all countries in a customs union or common market, often referring to the external tariff of the European Union.
An economic measure quantifying the amount of additional income needed to restore an individual’s original level of utility after a change in the economic environment.
A comprehensive overview of the concept of conditional distribution in the context of economics, including definitions, major analytical frameworks, and case studies.
The practice of making loans conditional on adopting approved adjustment programmes or policy packages, especially by the International Monetary Fund (IMF).
A federation of UK companies, primarily from the manufacturing sector, founded in 1965 that lobbies government and collects information from members on various economic policies and regulations.
The solution of a constrained optimization problem where one or more constraints are binding, often involving maximization or minimization of an objective function.
Long-lived goods bought for final consumption, expected to be used over a period longer than a year. Examples include private cars, boats, and domestic items such as furniture and appliances.