The system by which repayment of a loan involves payment of the principal plus interest calculated using one period's interest, multiplied over the course of multiple periods.
Understanding the social internal rate of return, a discount rate that balances the net present social benefits and costs of a private activity, including externalities.
State payments aimed at ensuring minimum living standards for residents, commonly provided to those over retirement age, the disabled, and others unable to support themselves.
An economic term referring to a loan with less onerous conditions than prevailing market rates, frequently used for financing projects in developing countries or to support economic and social development.
Capital equipment available but not currently needed for production, maintained to meet potential sudden demand increases or to ensure continuity during equipment breakdowns.
A method of sampling that involves dividing a population into subgroups and taking samples from each subgroup in proportion to their presence in the population.
The concept of substitution in economics referring to the switching of consumption from one good or service to another in response to a change in the ratio of prices.
A comprehensive overview of systemic threats within an economic context, focusing on their broad implications and inter-connectivity in financial systems.