A good intended for use as a capital good or intermediate product by producers, rather than for direct use by consumers.
An exploration of the term 'product' in an economic context, covering production at various levels and related concepts.
Understanding product differentiation as a key element in non-price competition among firms.
A model of how products go through a series of phases over time, from innovation to eventual decline.
An overview of the concept of production within economics, covering its meaning, context, frameworks, comparative analysis, and related terms.
An examination of the production function, which outlines the maximum output achievable with a given set of inputs.
A locus of points showing the maximum outputs of goods and services possible with the available resources.
A comprehensive look at the production possibility set, its definition, and implications in economics.
The set of technologically feasible input–output combinations for an individual firm or for an economy as a whole.
Definition and analysis of production subsidies in economics.
An exploration of the concept of productive efficiency within economics and its various theoretical perspectives.
The amount of output per unit of input achieved by a firm, industry, or country.
An organization of people with particular professional qualifications, aimed at maintaining and monitoring standards within a specific profession.
An excess of the receipts over the spending of a business during any period, including various financial transactions and asset valuations.
An account of an organization’s receipts and spending over a period, providing insights into profits and losses.
The tendency of individuals to spend a portion of their disposable income on consumption.
The proportion of disposable income which individuals do not desire to spend on consumption.
Understanding the concept of property, specifically real property, in economics and law.
Lending to finance purchases of property, often using the property as collateral.
The rights of an owner over property, including the scope and limitations of these rights.
An overview of the concept of protection in economics, focusing on trade policies and their impact.
An economics definition highlighting the use of proxy variables for variables that cannot be measured directly.
Definition and analysis of a public company with historical context and major analytical frameworks.
The UK form of organization for nationalized industries operating with managerial autonomy but under considerable government intervention.
An exploration of the concept of Public Interest, its definitions, frameworks, and applications.
An overview of the Public Limited Company (PLC), its definition, historical context, and major economic frameworks.
A network with open, free, or fee-based access for all consumers.
An arrangement for collaboration between the public and private sectors for the provision of policies, services, and infrastructure.
An exploration of the mechanisms and implications related to the repayment of public sector debt
The amount the UK government has to borrow each year when the government’s expenditure exceeds its income.
Details the definition, historical context, frameworks, and implications of public spending in economics.
Economic analysis and definitions of public utility, covering various theoretical frameworks and historical developments.
An overview of public works as construction projects funded by the government.
The amount of real goods and services each unit of money will buy.
Understanding the concept of a pure floating exchange rate, its implications, and associated risks.
Definition and meaning of a pyramid scheme, including its mechanics and economic implications.
Data classified into categories based on characteristics or features rather than measurements.
Quantile: Definition, meaning, and application in economic analysis.
Understanding the concept of Quantity Demanded in Economics
An exploration of the quantity equation, the relationship between the price level and the quantity of money.
The theory that the price level is proportional to the quantity of money
An exploration of quasi-fixed factors, which are factors of production subject to adjustment costs when their levels are changed.
A payment for the services of factors of production which resembles rent but is associated with past investments.
An overview of the concept of queues in economics, their disciplines, and analytical models.
Understanding the fundamental role of quotas within the International Monetary Fund (IMF).
The maximum level of international oil sales allocated to each member of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) at its periodic meetings.
A company whose shares are accepted for trading on a stock exchange, facilitating easier capital raising due to increased share marketability.
Dictionary entry for Research and Development (R&D) in economics
A detailed exploration of the random effects in panel data regression models and its significance in economics
A discrepancy between the observed value of a variable and its true value due to chance or imprecise measurement.
An overview of the concept of Random Event in Economics.
An examination of random processes, also known as stochastic processes, in economic analysis.
A random sample refers to a subset of individuals chosen from a larger set (population) where each individual has an equal chance of being selected.
A function that maps the outcomes of a random experiment onto the real numbers
A detailed entry about the term Random Walk, including its definition, historical context, and analytical frameworks in economics.
An overview of rank correlation, a measure often utilized to evaluate the degree of similarity between two rankings used in various fields of economics and statistics.
Understanding the tendency for a variable to be influenced by its largest previous value and its implications in economics
A detailed examination of the term 'Rate of Exchange' in economic context, including definitions, historical background, and relevant analytical frameworks.
Economic analysis of the rate of growth, dealing with rates at which key economic indicators increase over a period.
The charge made for the loan of financial capital, expressed as a proportion of the loan, considering diverse premiums.
A system for controlling the prices charged by regulated monopolists, aimed at allowing them to earn a market return on their capital.
A financial mechanism in the UK where central government provided grants to local authorities from 1967 to 1990 to supplement their revenues.
A system of local taxation in the UK including business rates and domestic charges.
The use of logical reasoning based on available facts to reach conclusions.
Rationalization refers to the reorganization of production processes in the interest of enhancing efficiency or profits, often involving significant, non-marginal changes such as the centralization or dispersion of production facilities.
An overview of rationing, the controlled distribution of scarce resources, its motivations, critiques, and various economic perspectives.
An examination of the social welfare function prioritizing the utility of the worst-off member of society, inspired by John Rawls' principles.
An optimal strategy of one player in a game expressed as a function of the strategy choices of other players
The policy combination of tight monetary policy to discourage inflation and lax public finance to encourage real growth during Ronald Reagan's presidency.
The effect on spending of changes in the real value of money balances, influencing inflation and savings behavior.
An examination of the term 'real balances' in economics, including its definition, historical context, and analytical frameworks.
A comprehensive overview of real costs in economic terms, encompassing foundational concepts, historical context, and analytical frameworks.
Definition and meaning of the real exchange rate in economics
Understanding the Real Interest Rate in Economics
An economic term describing the national income adjusted for price changes using a suitable price index
An approach to the analysis of investment opportunities using option valuation techniques.
A comprehensive exploration of the term 'Real Variable,' its significance, context, and application in economics. Contrasts with Nominal Variable and inclusion in major economic frameworks.
Exploration of the term 'real wages', its definition, meanings, historical context, and relevance in various economics frameworks.
Refund of a part of the amount already paid or a deduction from the amount to be paid.
An in-depth look into what constitutes a recession, its definitions, and its significance.
The principle in international economic relations where a country treats the nationals of any foreign country in the same way as its residents are treated in that country.
An exploration into the concept of Recommended Retail Price (RRP), its definition, implications, and significance in different economic frameworks.
Detailed entry on the concept of recourse loans in economics, including their definitions, analytical frameworks, and case studies.
A detailed exploration of the recursive model in economics and econometrics.
The date on which a security is due to be redeemed by the borrower. This may be a single date, or a range of dates within which the borrower has discretion to choose when repayment will take place.
An in-depth look at the concept of redemption value in economics and finance.
Definition and analysis of rediscount in the context of economics and finance.
A tax designed to alter the distribution of income or wealth.
Exploring the multifaceted concept of reform in economics, including its implications for currency and pricing.
Explore the concept of refusal to supply, wherein producers decline to sell their goods to certain applicants, impacting competition and distribution strategies.
Agreements between groups of countries to trade with each other more freely than with the world in general.
An official responsible for the registration and oversight of companies, including maintaining registers and issuing certificates of registration.
A comprehensive overview of regulation in economics, including its purpose, methods, and various frameworks.
The tendency of regulators to identify with the interest of the industry they are supposed to regulate.
The rejection region is a statistical concept used in hypothesis testing, referring to the range of values that leads to the rejection of the null hypothesis.
Definition and meaning of a relationship investor
The theory that savings behaviour is affected by an individual's relative position in the income distribution.
