Background
In economics, a “target” refers to specific objectives set by policymakers to achieve desirable economic outcomes. These objectives can range from reducing unemployment and fostering economic growth to maintaining low and stable inflation rates and securing exchange rate stability.
Historical Context
Economic policy targets have evolved over time, influenced by economic theories, historical events, and changing economic conditions. Initially, policy targets were more narrowly defined, primarily focusing on price stability and full employment in the post-World War II era. Over time, with the emergence of various economic schools of thought, the scope of targets expanded to include broader macroeconomic objectives.
Definitions and Concepts
In the realm of economic policy, “targets” refer to the desired outcomes or goals that policymakers aim to achieve through various interventions. These are distinct from policy instruments, the means through which policymakers can influence the economy, and policy indicators, metrics used to assess the effectiveness of these interventions.
Policy Tools:
- Instruments: Variables such as tax rates, interest rates, and money supply controlled or influenced by the government or central bank to achieve the targets.
- Indicators: Variables like GDP growth rate, consumer price index (CPI), and unemployment rates, used to gauge economic performance and inform policy decisions.
Major Analytical Frameworks
Classical Economics
Classical economics emphasized natural economic laws and the benefits of free markets. Policy targets were relatively limited, focusing minimally on external intervention.
Neoclassical Economics
Neoclassical economists argue for markets’ efficiency in allocating resources, with minimal state intervention. When interventions are necessary, the targets include steady states such as natural employment levels and optimum allocation of resources.
Keynesian Economics
Keynesian economics introduced the significance of active government intervention, particularly targeting full employment, economic growth, and stable prices. Aggregate demand management through fiscal and monetary policy became central.
Marxian Economics
From a Marxian perspective, economic targets might include transitioning towards a more equitable distribution of resources, reducing class disparities.
Institutional Economics
Institutional economists highlight the role of institutions in shaping economic behaviors and outcomes, possibly targeting improved institutional frameworks as their primary goals.
Behavioral Economics
This school integrates psychological insights, stressing the importance of realistic policy targets that consider human behavior patterns such as bounded rationality and biases.
Post-Keynesian Economics
Post-Keynesian economists advocate for detailed fine-tuning of the economy, emphasizing specific targets like reducing income inequality and stabilizing economic fluctuations.
Austrian Economics
Austrian economists prefer minimal intervention, focusing more on targets like fostering entrepreneurship and long-term economic excellence through decentralized decision-making.
Development Economics
Development economists highlight targets tailored to individual economies’ needs, such as poverty reduction, economic diversification, and sustainable development.
Monetarism
Monetarists stress controlling monetary aggregates to achieve targets like price stability, often advocating for targeting specific growth rates of the money supply.
Comparative Analysis
Comparing policy targets across different frameworks, it becomes clear that targets vary significantly depending on the economic school in question. Keynesian and Post-Keynesian frameworks demand a more engaged approach, targeting things like full employment and inequality, whereas Neoclassical and Austrian frameworks focus on reduced state intervention with more generalized targets like economic efficiency.
Case Studies
Examining specific countries’ approaches towards achieving various economic targets can provide insights into the practical implications of different theoretical frameworks. For example, Sweden’s approach to welfare and full employment, or the monetarist policies of the United States during the 1980s, shows how different frameworks prioritize distinct targets.
Suggested Books for Further Studies
- “The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money” by John Maynard Keynes
- “A Monetary History of the United States” by Milton Friedman and Anna J. Schwartz
- “Development as Freedom” by Amartya Sen
- “Capital and Ideology” by Thomas Piketty
Related Terms with Definitions
- Inflation Targeting: A monetary policy strategy where the central bank aims to keep inflation within a specified range.
- Monetary Policy: Policy laid down by the central bank to control the money supply and interest rates.
- Fiscal Policy: Government adjustments to its spending levels and tax rates to influence the economy.
- Macroeconomic Policy: Policy aimed at influencing the overall economic performance of a country, including fiscal, monetary, and exchange rate policies.
By framing policy objectives within theoretical and practical contexts, economists and policymakers can better strategize the interventions necessary to achieve these vital economic targets.
