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A comprehensive entry on the definition and implications of variance in the realm of economics and finance.
Overview of the variance–covariance matrix in economics and statistics, covering definitions, concepts, and analysis frameworks.
An entry on the economic concept of variety, particularly in reference to goods differentiated by specification or brand name.
The procedure whereby firms are added to the value-added tax (VAT) register.
A report documenting a firm’s sales of goods and services subject to value-added tax (VAT), required from firms registered for VAT.
A generalization of the univariate model of an autoregressive process to a system of equations describing multivariate time series.
An advanced econometric model for analyzing multivariate non-stationary time series.
An economic term denoting a currency widely used in international trade transactions between countries that do not use that currency domestically.
The frequency with which a unit of currency circulates in the economy for transactions over a specific period.
Capital invested in new or small businesses, with a high risk of loss, essential for enabling entrepreneurship.
Vertical equity refers to the principle that people in more advantageous positions should contribute more to society, particularly in the context of taxation.
The combination in one firm of two or more stages of production usually operated by separate firms.
