# A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
An exploration of the bid and offer prices quoted when stock or commodity markets open at the beginning of a working day.
The application of mathematical and statistical methods to practical business problems.
The tendency for one party in a bargain to attempt to change the terms in their favour once the other party has committed itself.
A method of solving a dynamic optimization problem formulated in continuous time using differential equations and optimization techniques.
The analysis of the best growth path for an economy by balancing current utility loss and future utility gain. See also golden rule.
The concept of social welfare maximization by balancing the costs and benefits of pollution.
A measure of economic confidence based on survey responses about economic and personal financial conditions.
In economics, the choice from all possible uses of resources of that which gives the best result.
A group of countries that maximizes the benefits of using a single currency.
A contract permitting the holder the right, but not the obligation, to trade a specific asset at a predetermined price on or before a future date.
The value of orders received but not yet carried out by firms, usually in construction and engineering sectors.
The minimum number of times it is necessary to difference a non-stationary time series to produce a stationary series.
