# A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
The gradient, or the vector of partial derivatives, of the log-likelihood function with respect to the parameters of the distribution.
A comprehensive overview of seasonal unemployment, highlighting its causes, impacts, and variations across different economic frameworks.
Charges levied on individuals or their employers to pay for the costs of social security benefits.
Retaliation measures in international trade to deter further restrictions by foreign entities.
Understanding the implications of under-capitalization in various economic frameworks and its impact on businesses and financial institutions
An ordinary share in a company giving the owner the right to vote at the company’s general meetings.
Exploring the multifaceted definition and implications of 'work' within economic and social contexts.
A report on social security prepared by Sir William Beveridge during the Second World War, pivotal to the creation of the post-war welfare state in the UK.
Understanding the concept of the bias of an estimator in economics and statistics
The fiscal year used by the US federal government, running from October 1 to September 30 in the following year.
An analysis and understanding of cyclical unemployment within the context of economic cycles.
A comprehensive system for measuring the economic activity of a nation.
